Indicators of functional fitness and cognitive commitment in elderly / Indicadores de aptitud funcional y compromiso cognitivo en ancianos / Indicadores de aptidão funcional e comprometimento cognitivo em idosos

ABSTRACT Introduction: Cognitive losses are among the most prevalent events in the elderly population and can cause functional deficits. Among the available non-drug prevention and treatment alternatives, the increase in functional fitness levels is presented as an important strategy suggesting improvements in the physical and cognitive function of the elderly triggered by exercise. Objective: To determine the predictive power of functional fitness indicators and establish their cutoff points as discriminators of cognitive impairment in the elderly. Methods: The sample comprised 310 elderly people who answered a questionnaire comprising sociodemographic information, lifestyle habits, hospitalization in the last 12 months, presence of comorbidity, and the Mini-Mental State Examination. Functional fitness was assessed using the Hand Grip Strength (HGS) and sitting and rising from a chair tests. To identify predictors of cognitive impairment, analysis of Receiver Operating Characteristic (ROC) curves was adopted, with a confidence interval of 95% (95%CI). Subsequently, the cut-off points with their respective sensitivities and specificities were identified. The analyses were performed respecting the significance level of 5%. Results: It was observed that some functional fitness indicators showed significant Area Under the Curve (AUC), and the sit-and-stand test (AUC=0.72; 95%CI: 0.64-0.77) showed the best results. The best cut-off points for the HGS and sit-and-stand tests were 18,8 kgf and eight repetitions, respectively. Conclusion: The results of the present study allow us to conclude that the sit-to-stand test is moderately efficient in discriminating the presence of cognitive impairment in the elderly. Level of Evidence III; Study Cross-sectional.

RESUMEN Introducción: Las pérdidas cognitivas se encuentran entre los eventos más prevalentes en la población anciana y pueden causar déficits funcionales. Entre las alternativas de prevención y tratamiento no farmacológico disponibles, el aumento de los niveles de condición física funcional se presenta como una estrategia importante que sugiere mejoras en la función física y cognitiva de los ancianos, desencadenada por la práctica de ejercicios. Objetivo: Determinar el poder predictivo de los indicadores de aptitud funcional y establecer sus puntos de corte como discriminadores del deterioro cognitivo en adultos mayores. Métodos: La muestra estuvo compuesta por 310 ancianos que respondieron un cuestionario que comprendía información sociodemográfica, hábitos de vida, hospitalización en los últimos 12 meses, presencia de comorbilidad y el Mini-Examen del Estado Mental. La condición física funcional se evaluó utilizando la fuerza de agarre manual (FAM) y las pruebas de sentarse y levantarse de una silla. Para identificar predictores de deterioro cognitivo, se adoptó el análisis de curvas Receiver Operating Characteristic (ROC), con intervalo de confianza del 95% (IC95%). Posteriormente se identificaron los puntos de corte con sus respectivas sensibilidades y especificidades. Los análisis se realizaron respetando el nivel de significancia del 5%. Resultados: Se observó que algunos indicadores de aptitud funcional mostraron un Área Bajo la Curva (ABC) significativa, y la prueba de sentarse y pararse (ABC=0,72; 95%IC: 0,64-0,77) mostró los mejores resultados. Los mejores puntos de corte para el test FAM y el sit-and-stand test fueron 18,8 kgf y 8 repeticiones, respectivamente. Conclusión: Los resultados del presente estudio permiten concluir que el test sit-to-stand es moderadamente eficiente para discriminar la presencia de deterioro cognitivo en adultos mayores. Nivel de Evidencia III; Estudio Transversal.

RESUMO Introdução: As perdas cognitivas estão entre os eventos mais prevalentes na população idosa, podendo causar déficits funcionais. Dentre as alternativas de prevenção e tratamento não medicamentosos disponíveis, o aumento dos níveis de aptidão funcional apresenta-se como uma estratégia importante sugerindo melhorias na função física e na função cognitiva de idosos, desencadeadas através da prática de exercícios. Objetivo: Determinar o poder preditivo dos indicadores de aptidão funcional e estabelecer seus pontos de corte como discriminadores do comprometimento cognitivo em idosos. Métodos: A amostra compreendeu 310 idosos que responderam a um questionário composto por informações sociodemográficas, hábitos de vida, hospitalização nos últimos 12 meses, presença de comorbidade e o Mini-Exame do Estado Mental. A aptidão funcional foi avaliada por meio dos testes de Força de Preensão Manual (FPM) e o de sentar e levantar da cadeira. Para identificação dos preditores do comprometimento cognitivo, foi adotada a análise das curvas Receiver Operating Characteristic (ROC), com intervalo de confiança de 95% (IC95%). Posteriormente, identificaram-se os pontos de corte com as respectivas sensibilidades e especificidades. As análises foram efetuadas respeitando-se o nível de significância de 5%. Resultados: Observou-se que alguns indicadores de aptidão funcional apresentaram Área Sob a Curva (ASC) significativas, sendo que o teste de sentar e levantar da cadeira (ASC=0,72; IC95%= 0,64-0,77) apresentou os melhores resultados. Os melhores pontos de corte para o teste de FPM e o teste de sentar e levantar da cadeira foram de 18,8 kgf e 8 repetições respectivamente. Conclusão: Os resultados do presente estudo permitem concluir que o teste de sentar e levantar da cadeira apresenta moderada eficiência para discriminar a presença de comprometimento cognitivo em idosos. Nível de Evidência III; Estudo Transversal.

Tendencias actuales en la preparación física del futbolista: una revisión documental

La preparación física en el fútbol es crucial para el rendimiento físico, por lo que es necesario estar al tanto de las últimas tendencias sobre los enfoques utilizados a fin de identificar las mejores prácticas y las áreas que requieren perfeccionarse. El objetivo de la investigación consistió en desarrollar una revisión exhaustiva de las tendencias actuales en la preparación física del futbolista profesional. Esta investigación fue de tipo teórica, se aplicó la técnica de revisión documental y el instrumento matriz de registro. Los pasos que se siguieron fueron la búsqueda y selección de artículos relevantes de preparación física, extracción de información, validación de fuentes, organización de hallazgos, identificación de patrones y síntesis narrativa. La investigación reveló las tendencias en la preparación física de los futbolistas y resaltó la importancia de la personalización, la planificación estratégica, el enfoque integral del entrenamiento y la alimentación adecuada. El estudio generó nuevas perspectivas en el campo de la preparación física, permitió una comprensión más completa y actualizada de las tendencias y prácticas en este ámbito, lo que sirve como base para futuras investigaciones y cubre brechas de conocimiento en el campo de la preparación física del futbolista profesional.

A preparação física no futebol é crucial para o desempenho físico, por isso é necessário estar atento às últimas tendências nas abordagens utilizadas para identificar as melhores práticas e áreas que necessitam de melhorias. O objetivo da pesquisa foi desenvolver uma revisão exaustiva das tendências atuais na preparação física de jogadores de futebol profissionais. Esta pesquisa teve caráter teórico, foram aplicadas a técnica de revisão documental e o instrumento matriz de registro. As etapas seguidas foram a busca e seleção de artigos relevantes sobre preparação física, extração de informações, validação de fontes, organização de achados, identificação de padrões e síntese narrativa. A investigação revelou tendências na preparação física dos jogadores de futebol e destacou a importância da personalização, do planeamento estratégico, de uma abordagem abrangente ao treino e de uma alimentação adequada. jogador profissional.

Physical preparation in soccer is crucial for physical performance, so it is necessary to be aware of the latest trends in the approaches used in order to identify best practices and areas that require improvement. The objective of the research was to develop an exhaustive review of current trends in the physical preparation of professional soccer player. This research was theoretical, the documentary review technique and the registration matrix instrument were applied. The steps followed were the search and selection of relevant articles on physical preparation, information extraction, validation of sources, organization of findings, identification of patterns and narrative synthesis. The research revealed trends in the physical preparation of foot players and highlighted the importance of personalization, strategic planning, a comprehensive approach to training and proper nutrition. The study generated new perspectives in the field of physical preparation, allowed a more complete and updated understanding of the trends and practices in this area, which serves as a basis for future research and covers knowledge gaps, in the field of physical preparation of the professional soccer player.

Relación entre la Composición Corporal, Condición Física y Capacidad Operativa en Militares Chilenos / Relationship Between Body Composition, Physical Condition and Operational Capacity in Chilean Military

La composición corporal engloba una serie de variables relacionadas con la salud e influye en la condición física. A pesar de ello, existe poca evidencia sobre sus efectos en la capacidad operativa en militares. El objetivo de este estudio fue relacionar la composición corporal, la condición física y la capacidad operativa de militares chilenos. Participaron 57 militares chilenos (26,9 ± 4,8 años), con especialización operativa en infantería. La composición corporal fue evaluada con bioimpedancia octopolar estimando masa libre de grasa, tejido muscular y tejido adiposo, entre otras variables. También se realizaron las siguientes pruebas de condición física: 5000 m planos, dominadas, abdominales y flexibilidad, así como cuatro pruebas específicas de actividades operativas militares específicas (situación de combate simulado). Los resultados mostraron un porcentaje de tejido muscular de 45,4 ± 2,9 % (IC95%: 44,6 - 46,2), mientras que el porcentaje de tejido adiposo fue de 20,3 ± 4,9 % (IC95%: 14,7 - 17,3). Se encontraron correlaciones negativas de pequeña magnitud entre el tiempo de carrera (5000 m) y el tejido muscular (%) (r = -0,275) y positiva con el tejido adiposo (%) (r = 0,294). Sin embargo, se observaron correlaciones de alta magnitud entre dominadas y tejido muscular (%) (r = 0,517) y tejido adiposo (%) (r = -0,558). El tejido adiposo se relacionó negativamente con la capacidad aeróbica, fuerza de brazos(??) y fuerza resistencia abdominal, mientras que el tejido muscular se relacionó positivamente con estas mismas variables. No se apreciaron correlaciones entre la composición corporal y la capacidad operativa militar (p<0,05). Se concluye que la composición corporal y la condición física no se relacionan con la capacidad operativa militar en situación de combate en especialistas en infantería, pero si la composición corporal se relaciona con la fuerza y la capacidad cardiorrespiratoria.

SUMMARY: Body composition encompasses a series of variables that are health-related and influence physical condition. Nevertheless, there is little evidence on its effects on the operational capacity of the military. The objective of this study was to relate the body composition, the physical condition and the operational capacity of the Chilean military. Fifty-seven Chilean soldiers (26.9 ± 4.8 years) participated, with operational specialization in infantry. Body composition was evaluated with octopolar bioimpedance, estimating fat- free mass, muscle tissue, and adipose tissue, among other variables. The following physical condition tests were also carried out: 5000 m flat, pull-ups, abdominals and flexibility, as well as four specific tests of specific military operational activities (simulated combat situation). The results showed a percentage of muscle tissue of 45.4 ± 2.9 % (95%CI: 44.6 - 46.2), while the percentage of adipose tissue was 20.3 ± 4.9 % (95%CI). : 14.7-17.3). Negative correlations of small magnitude were found between race time (5000 m) and muscle tissue (%) (r = -0.275) and positive with adipose tissue (%) (r = 0.294). However, high magnitude correlations were observed between pull-ups and muscle tissue (%) (r = 0.517) and adipose tissue (%) (r = -0.558). Adipose tissue was negatively related to aerobic capacity, arm strength, and abdominal endurance strength, while muscle tissue was positively related to these same variables. No correlations were found between body composition and military operational capacity (p<0.05). It is concluded that body composition and physical condition are not related to military operational capacity in combat situations in infantry specialists, but body composition is related to strength and cardiorespiratory capacity.

Doença inflamatória intestinal e sarcopenia: um foco na força muscular - revisão narrativa / Inflammatory bowel disease and sarcopenia: a focus on muscle strength - narrative review

ABSTRACT Inflammation, changes in nutrient absorption and gut dysbiosis are common conditions in patients with inflammatory bowel disease. These factors may lead to variations in macro- and micronutrients and, particularly, to an imbalance of protein metabolism, loss of muscle mass and development of sarcopenia. This narrative review aims to present the set of factors with impact in muscle strength and physical performance that may potentially mediate the relation between inflammatory bowel disease and sarcopenia. Studies that associated changes in muscle strength, sarcopenia and inflammatory bowel disease were selected through a literature search in databases Medline, Pubmed and Scielo using relevant keywords: muscle strength, physical performance, sarcopenia and inflammatory bowel disease. Chronic inflammation is currently reported as a determinant factor in the development of muscle atrophy in inflammatory bowel disease. In addition, strength decline in inflammatory bowel disease patients may be also influenced by changes in body composition and by gut dysbiosis. Measures of muscle strength and physical performance should be considered in the initial identification of sarcopenia, particularly in patients with inflammatory bowel disease, for a timely intervention can be provided. Presence of proinflammatory cytokines, high adiposity, malabsorption and consequent deficits of macro and micronutrients, loss of muscle mass, and gut dysbiosis may be the main factors with impact in muscle strength, that probably mediate the relation between inflammatory bowel disease and sarcopenia.

RESUMO Inflamação, alterações na absorção de nutrientes e a disbiose intestinal são condições comuns em indivíduos com doença inflamatória intestinal. Estes fatores podem levar a variações corporais do teor de macro e micronutrientes e, em particular, a um desequilíbrio no metabolismo de proteínas com perda de massa muscular e desenvolvimento de sarcopenia. Esta revisão narrativa visa apresentar o conjunto de fatores com impacto na força e função muscular que podem potencialmente mediar a relação entre doença inflamatória intestinal e sarcopenia. Estudos que associaram as alterações de força muscular, sarcopenia e doença inflamatória intestinal foram selecionados, através de uma pesquisa bibliográfica nas bases de dados Medline, Pubmed e Scielo, usando palavras-chave relevantes: força muscular, desempenho físico, sarcopenia e doença inflamatória intestinal. A inflamação crónica é atualmente citada como um fator determinante no desenvolvimento de atrofia muscular nos casos de doença inflamatória intestinal. Além disso, o declínio de força em indivíduos com doença inflamatória intestinal, também pode ser influenciado pelas alterações na composição corporal e pela disbiose instestinal. Indicadores de força muscular e de desempenho físico devem ser considerados na identificação inicial de sarcopenia, principalmente em indivíduos com doença inflamatória intestinal, para que uma intervenção precoce possa ocorrer. A presença de citocinas pró-inflamatórias, elevada adiposidade corporal, má absorção intestinal com consequente déficit de macro e micronutrientes, perda de massa muscular e disbiose intestinal poderão ser os principais fatores com impacto na força muscular, que provavelmente medeiam a relação entre doença inflamatória intestinal e sarcopenia.

Paracanoe: particularities of functional classes in the structuring of the sports' training

The performance of paracanoists is characterized by the ability of the athlete to advance at maximum speed, through a technically optimal paddling motion. It`s important to consider that in the case of para-athletes, the application of forces towards paddling is compromised by physical deficiencies. Thus, this study aims to assess the performance of athletes in the KL1, KL2 and KL3 sport classes, during a paralympic paracanoe event. The sample was composed of athletes from the Brazilian male paracanoe team, with a representative of each sport class: KL1, KL2, KL3 For performance analysis, we used a kayak ergometer (KayakPro®, Miami Beach, FL, USA) to simulate a 200-meter trial, during Rio 2016 Paralympic Games Road. The variables were evaluated: time trial, stroke frequency, mean speed, number of strokes, stroke length, stroke index, and power. According to results: I) the athlete KL3 had the lowest number of strokes, the longest stroke length and the highest stroke rate index; II) the athlete KL1 had the highest number of strokes, the lowest stroke length and the stroke rate index. This study puts into perspective the distinct characteristics of a paracanoe trial, analyzed in consideration to each sport class.

El rendimiento de los paracanoistas se caracteriza por la capacidad del atleta para avanzar a la máxima velocidad, mediante un movimiento técnicamente óptimo. Es importante considerar que en el caso de los para atletas, la aplicación de fuerzas hacia el remo se ve comprometida por la discapacidad. Por lo tanto, este estudio tiene como objetivo evaluar el rendimiento de los atletas en las clases deportivas KL1, KL2 y KL3. La muestra estuvo compuesta por atletas de la selección brasileña masculina de paracanotaje, con un representante de cada clase deportiva. Para el análisis del rendimiento, utilizamos un ergómetro de kayak (KayakPro®, Miami Beach, FL, EE. UU.) para simular una prueba de 200 metros. Las variables monitoreadas fueran: tiempo, frecuencia de remada, velocidad media, número de remada, longitud de remada, índice de remada y potencia. Según los resultados: I) el atleta de la clase KL3 realizó el menor número de remadas, mayor longitud de remada y el mayor índice de remada.; II) el atleta de la clase KL1 realizó el mayor número de remadas, menor longitud de remada y índice de remada. Este estudio pone en perspectiva las distintas características de una prueba de paracanotaje, analizadas en consideración a cada clase deportiva.

O desempenho dos paracanoistas é caracterizado pela capacidade do atleta de avançar em velocidade máxima, através do movimento tecnicamente ideal. É importante considerar que no caso de para atletas, a aplicação de forças na remada é comprometida devido a deficiências apresentada. Assim, este estudo tem como objetivo avaliar o desempenho de atletas das classes esportivas KL1, KL2 e KL3, durante uma prova paralímpica de paracanoagem. A amostra foi composta por atletas da equipe brasileira de paracanoagem masculina, com um representante de cada classe esportiva. Para a análises do rendimento, foi utilizado o ergómetro de kayak (KayakPro®, Miami Beach, FL, EUA.) para simular uma prova de 200 metros. As variáveis avaliadas foram: tempo, frequência de remada, velocidade média, número de remada, comprimento de remada, índice de remada e potência. De acordo com os resultados: I) o atleta KL3 teve o menor número de remadas, o maior comprimento de remada e a maior índice de remada; II) o atleta KL1 teve o maior número de remadas, o maior comprimento de remada e índice de remada. Este estudo coloca em perspectiva as características de uma prova de paracanoagem, respeitando a especificidade de cada classe esportiva.

Características antropométricas, capacidad de salto vertical y resistencia de carrera de bomberos, en servicio activo, con relación a la edad / Anthropometric characteristics, vertical jumping capacity and running endurance, in active-duty firefighters, in relation to age

El objetivo de este estudio fue establecer relaciones entre las variables de rendimiento físico e índices antropométricos según la edad de bomberos adultos chilenos, en servicio activo, provenientes de la región de Valparaíso. Participaron 68 bomberos, hombres, sanos, en servicio activo, que fueron divididos en dos grupos según edad; 30 años (n = 32; 40,6 ± 8,5 años). Se evaluaron las variables antropométricas de masa corporal (MC), estatura, perímetro de cintura (PC), índice de masa corporal (IMC] = Peso /estatura2 [m]) e índice cintura-estatura (ICE). La capacidad de salto vertical fue evaluada con los protocolos de Squat Jump, Countermovement Jump y Abalakov Jump. La resistencia en carrera fue estimada con la prueba de Course Navette y se calculó indirectamente el consumo de oxígeno (VO2). Las variables antropométricas para el grupo > 30 años fueron mayores en comparación al grupo de menor edad en MC (p = 0.027), IMC (p = 0.015), PC (p 0.05) entre ambos grupos. Existió una correlación significativa positiva entre la edad y las variables de MC (r = 0,252), IMC (r = 0,307), ICE (r = 0,431) y PC (r= 0,401). Al comparar ambos grupos de edad hubo diferencias antropométricas, pero no en la condición física. Se sugiere reforzar programas de entrenamiento para optimizar la composición corporal y capacidad física de bomberos en servicio activo para responder a las exigentes tareas que demanda este ámbito laboral.

SUMMARY: The aim of this study was 1) to compare anthropometric characteristics, jumping ability, and running endurance according to age and 2) to determine the relationship between age and physical performance parameters in Chilean adult firefighters in active service from the Valparaíso region. Sixty-eight healthy male firefighters, in active service, were divided into two groups according to age; 30 years (n = 32; 40.6 ± 8.5 years) participated. The anthropometric variables of body mass (BM), height, waist circumference (WC), body mass index (BMI = weight/height2 [m]) and waist-to-height ratio (WHR) were evaluated. Vertical jumping ability was assessed with the Squat Jump, Countermovement Jump and Abalakov Jump protocols. Running endurance was estimated with the Course Navette test and oxygen consumption (VO2) was calculated indirectly. Anthropometric variables for the > 30 years group were higher compared to the younger age group in BM (p = 0.027), BMI (p = 0.015), WC (p 0.05). There was a significant positive correlation between age and the variables of BM (r = 0.252), BMI (r = 0.307), WHR (r = 0.431) y WC (r= 0.401). When comparing both age groups, there were anthropometric differences, but not in physical condition. It is suggested to reinforce training programs to optimize the body composition and physical capacity of firefighters in active service in order to respond to the demanding tasks demanded by this work environment.

Evaluation and Comparison of Respiratory Muscular Strength, Functionality, and Pelvic Floor in the Immediate Postpartum of Normal and Cesarean Birth / Avaliação e comparação da força muscular respiratória, funcionalidade, e de assoalho pélvico no puerpério imediato de parto normal e cesárea

Abstract Objective: To evaluate and compare peripheral, pelvic floor, respiratory muscle strength, and functionality in the immediate puerperium of normal delivery and cesarean section. Methods: This is a cross-sectional study that verified respiratory, pelvic floor, peripheral, and functional muscle strength through manovacuometry, pelvic floor functional assessment (PFF), dynamometry, and the Time Up and Go (TUG) test, respectively. The groups were divided according to the type of delivery, into a cesarean section group and a normal parturition group. Results: The sample was composed of 72 postpartum puerperae, 36 of normal parturition, and 36 of cesarean section, evaluated before hospital discharge, mean age ranged from 25.56 ± 6.28 and 28.57 ± 6.47 years in puerperae of normal parturition and cesarean section respectively. Cesarean showed higher pelvic floor strength (PFF) compared to normal parturition (p < 0.002), but puerperae from normal delivery showed better functionality (p < 0.001). As for peripheral muscle strength and respiratory muscle strength, there was no significance when comparing the types of parturirion. Conclusion: There is a reduction in pelvic muscle strength in puerperae of normal delivery and a decrease in functionality in puerperae of cesarean section.

Resumo Objetivo: Avaliar e comparar o pavimento pélvico periférico, a força muscular respiratória e a funcionalidade no puerpério imediato do parto normal e da cesariana. Métodos: Este é um estudo transversal que verificou a força muscular respiratória, pavimento pélvico, periférico e funcional através da manovacuometria, avaliação funcional do pavimento pélvico (PFF), dinamometria, e o teste Time Up e Go (TUG), respectivamente. Os grupos foram divididos de acordo com o tipo de parto, num grupo de cesariana e num grupo de parto normal. Resultados: A amostra foi composta por 72 puérperas pós-parto, 36 de parto normal e 36 de cesariana, avaliados antes da alta hospitalar, a idade média variou entre 25,56 ± 6,28 e 28,57 ± 6,47 anos em puérperas de parto normal e cesariana, respectivamente. A cesariana mostrou maior resistência do pavimento pélvico (TFP) em comparação com o parto normal (p < 0,002), mas as puérperas de parto normal mostraram melhor funcionalidade (p < 0,001). Quanto à força muscular periférica e à força muscular respiratória, não houve significado ao comparar os tipos de parto. Conclusão: Há uma redução da força muscular pélvica em puérperas de parto normal e uma diminuição da funcionalidade em puérperas de cesarianas.

Effects of COVID-19 on diaphragm thickness and physical performance of athletes / Efeitos da COVID-19 na espessura diafragmática e desempenho físico de atletas

Abstract Introduction Studies suggest that diaphragm thickness (DT) is associated with inspiratory muscle strength and consequently, better ventilatory and mechanical efficiency. On the other hand, infectious diseases such as COVID-19 may impact the structure and function of the respiratory system. Objective Assess the association between DT and the physical performance (PP) of athletes and the effects of COVID-19 infection on these parameters. Methods This is a cross-sectional study of 63 athletes of both sexes from different sport modalities (women: 16.67 ± 5.03 years, 52.09 ± 14.01 kg, 155.90 ± 13.86 cm; men: 23.44 ± 9.65 years, 72.24 ± 14.18 kg, 174.84 ± 6.84 cm), submitted to DT assessment using ultrasound, followed by the PP(Yo-Yo) test) to determine maximum oxygen intake (VO2max). Pearson's correlation was used to determine the association between VO2max and DT, and the Student's t-test for differences between athletes with a positive and negative diagnosis for COVID-19. The significance level was set at 5%. Results There was no association between DT and PP (r = 0.30 and p = 0.22) or between athletes unaffected and affected by COVID-19 in relation to DT (57.00 ± 0.26 vs 52.00 ± 0.25%; p = 0.91) and PP (43.88 ± 2.29 vs 38.34 ± 13.61 ml/kg/min; p = 0.69). Conclusion DT was not associated with maximum oxygen intake in athletes. In addition, athletes infected by COVID-19 exhibited no differences in VO2max or DT when compared to nonaffected individuals.

Resumo Introdução Estudos sugerem que a espessura diafrag-mática (ED) está associada à força muscular inspiratória e, consequentemente, à melhor eficiência ventilatória e mecânica. Por outro lado, doenças infecciosas como a COVID-19 podem impactar a estrutura e função do apa-relho respiratório. Objetivo Avaliar a associação entre a ED e o desempenho físico (DF) de atletas e os efeitos da infecção por COVID-19 sobre esses parâmetros. Métodos Trata-se de um estudo transversal envolvendo 63 atletas de diferentes modalidades esportivas, de ambos os sexos (feminino: 16,67 ± 5,03 anos, 52,09 ± 14,01 kg, 155,90 ± 13,86 cm; masculino 23,44 ± 9,65 anos, 72,24 ± 14,18 kg, 174,84 ± 6,84 cm), que foram submetidos à avaliação da ED por meio de ultrassom e, em seguida, ao teste de DF (Yo-Yo test) para determinar o consumo máximo de oxigênio (VO2max). Utilizou-se a correlação de Pearson para verificar a associação entre VO2max e ED, e o teste t de Student para diferenças entre atletas com diagnóstico positivo e negativo para COVID-19. O nível de significância foi ajustado em 5%. Resultados Não houve associação entre ED e DF (r = 0,30 e p = 0,22) e não houve diferença entre os atletas não infectados e infectados por COVID-19 em relação à ED (57,00 ± 0,26 vs 52,00 ± 0,25%; p = 0,91) e DF (43,88 ± 2,29 vs 38,34 ± 13,61 ml/kg/min; p = 0,69). Conclusão A ED não foi associada ao consumo máximo de oxigênio em atletas. Além disso, atletas infectados por COVID-19 não exibiram diferenças no VO2max e ED em relação aos não infectados.

Functional performance indicators associated with hypertension in older people / Indicadores de desempenho funcional associados à hipertensão em pessoas idosas

Abstract Introduction During aging, changes occur in the human body that increase the probability of arterial hypertension which can potentiate deleterious effects on functional performance. Objective To analyze the association of functional performance indicators with hypertension in older people. Methods An epidemiological, population-based, cross-sectional survey was conducted with 209 older adults (58.40% women). Functional performance was assessed by the following tests: handgrip strength; chair stand test; arm curl test; timed up and go (TUG); sit and reach test; and step in place test (SPT). Diagnosis of arterial hypertension was self-reported. Results The prevalence of hypertension was found to be 58.90% (males: 51.70%; females: 63.90%). It was also observed that the hypertensive individuals of both sexes had worse performance in SPT and TUG (p < 0.05). Furthermore, it was found that each additional second for TUG increased by 11% the probability of hypertension in men (PR:1.11; 95%CI: 1.03-1.20) and by 7% in women (PR: 1.07; 95%CI: 1.04-1.12), while each step performed in the SPT decreased the probability for the outcome by 2% (men and women = PR: 0.98; 95%CI: 0.97-0.99). Conclusion TUG was found to be positively associated with hypertension, while SPT was inversely associated with hypertension.

Resumo Introdução Durante o envelhecimento ocorrem modificações no corpo humano, as quais aumentam a probabilidade de hipertensão arterial sistêmica (HAS),o que pode potencializar efeitos deletérios no desem-penho funcional. Objetivo Analisar a associação de indicadores de desempenho funcional com a HAS em pessoas idosas. Métodos Inquérito epidemiológico, populacional, transversal, conduzido com 209 idosos (58,40% mulheres). O desempenho funcional foi averi-guado pelos seguintes testes: força de preensão manual; levantar e sentar da cadeira; flexão do antebraço; levantar, caminhar e sentar (LCS); sentar e alcançar o pé; e marcha estacionária (ME). O diagnóstico da HAS foi autorreferido. Resultados Averiguou-se a prevalência de HAS em 58,9% dos participantes (homens: 51,7%; mulheres: 63,9%). Observou-se, também, que os hipertensos de ambos os sexos apresentaram pior desempenho na ME e LCS (p < 0,05). Além disso, verificou-se que cada segundo a mais despendido para LSC aumentou em 11% e 7%, respectivamente, a probabilidade de HAS nos homens (RP: 1,11; IC95%: 1,03-1,20) e nas mulheres (RP: 1,07; IC95%: 1,04-1,12), enquanto cada passo a mais realizado na ME diminuiu em 2% a probabilidade para o desfecho (homens e mulheres = RP: 0,98; IC95%: 0,97-0,99). Conclusão Identificou-se que o teste de LCS esteve positivamente associado à HAS. Ademais, a ME apresentou-se inversamente associada à HAS.

Videoconference assessment of functional and cognitive measures in Brazilian older adults: a reliability and feasibility study / Uso de videoconferência para a avaliação de medidas funcionais e cognitivas de idosos brasileiros: um estudo de confiabilidade e viabilidade

OBJECTIVE: We aimed to determine the feasibility and reliability of videoconference assessment of functional and cognitive status among older adults in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic. METHODS: Thirty community-dwelling older adults (86.70% women) with a mean age of 69.77 (SD = 6.60) years who were physically independent and had no signs of cognitive impairment were included in the sample. An independent and experienced researcher assessed functional (chair rise test, chair stand test, sitting and rising test) and cognitive (Montreal Cognitive Assessment, parts A and B of the Trail Making Test, the Stroop test, the verbal fluency test) performance in real-time on the Google Meet platform on 2 non-consecutive days. The reliability of the measures was analyzed using the intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC), a paired t-test, or Wilcoxon and Bland-Altman analysis. The feasibility of the assessment was investigated using a standardized 14-item questionnaire. RESULTS: All functional performance measures showed excellent intra-rater reliability, with ICCs from 0.90 (95%CI 0.78 ­ 0.95) for the sitting and rising test to 0.98 (95%CI 0.96 ­ 0.99) for the chair rise test. Our analysis also showed mixed levels of reliability across measures, including good ICC (ranging from 0.79 ­ 0.91) for the Montreal Cognitive Assessment, part B of the Trail Making Test, and the congruent and neutral trials in the Stroop test, but poor-to-moderate ICC (ranging from 0.42 ­ 0.58) for the other cognitive assessments. In general, the participants reported good feasibility for the assessment format. CONCLUSION: In healthy and highly educated older adults, videoconferencing is a feasible method of determining functional and cognitive performance. Functional measures showed excellent reliability indexes, whereas cognitive data should be interpreted carefully, since the reliability varied from poor to moderate. (AU)

OBJETIVO: Nosso objetivo foi determinar a viabilidade e confiabilidade de medidas funcionais e cognitivas por meio de uma videoconferência baseada na web entre idosos no contexto da pandemia de COVID-19. METODOLOGIA: Trinta idosos [idade = 69,77 (desvio padrão ­ DP = 6,60) anos; 86,70% mulheres], que vivem de forma independente na comunidade (independente fisicamente e sem sinais de comprometimento cognitivo) participaram do estudo. Um avaliador independente e experiente entregou, em tempo real, avaliações funcionais (Chair Rise Test ­ CRT, Chair Stand Test, Sitting and Rising Test ­ SRT) e cognitivas (MoCA, Teste de Trilhas A e B, Stroop Test e Fluência Verbal) por meio da Plataforma Google Meet em dois dias não consecutivos. A confiabilidade das medidas foi analisada pelo Coeficiente de Correlação Intraclasse (CCI), teste t pareado ou análise de Wilcoxon e Bland-Altman. A viabilidade da avaliação foi examinada com o uso de um questionário padronizado de 14 itens. RESULTADOS: Todas as medidas de desempenho funcional demonstraram excelente confiabilidade intra-avaliador [CCI variando de 0,90 (intervalo de confiança ­ IC95% 0,78 ­ 0,95) para SRT e 0,98 (IC95% 0,96 ­ 0,99) para CRT]. Além disso, nossa análise mostrou níveis mistos de confiabilidade entre as medidas, enquanto o MoCA, Teste de Trilhas B e as fases Interferência e Leitura do Stroop Test tiveram excelente CCI (variando de 0,79 a 0,91) e as outras avaliações cognitivas com CCI ruim a moderado (variando de 0,42 a 0,58). Em geral, os participantes demonstraram boa viabilidade com o formato das avaliações. CONCLUSÃO: Em idosos saudáveis e com alta escolaridade, a videoconferência baseada na web é uma alternativa viável para determinar o desempenho funcional e medidas cognitivas. As medidas funcionais apresentaram excelentes índices de confiabilidade, enquanto os dados cognitivos devem ser interpretados com cautela, visto que atingiram índices de confiabilidade de ruim a moderado. (AU)

Comparison of the upper extremity physical performance tests between asymptomatic adults with and without scapular dyskinesis

Abstract Introduction Physical performance tests (PPTs) are screening tools widely available, easy to apply, and that can be performed in different environments and contexts. Scapular dyskinesis can be related to changes in glenohumeral angulation, acromioclavicular joint strain, subacromial space dimension, shoulder muscle strength/activation and humeral position/motion. Few studies were developed to understand the influence of aspects such as strength, stability mobility, and scapular dyskinesis on the scores of the upper extremity PPTs. Objective To compare the performance in the Closed Kinetic Chain Upper Extremity Stability Test (CKCUEST), Seated Medicine Ball Throw Test (SMBT) and Upper Quarter Y Balance Test (UQYBT) between asymptomatic adults with and without scapular dyskinesis. Methods Cross-sectional study with 20 asymptomatic individuals: 10 with scapular dyskinesis and 10 without scapular dyskinesis. The average number of touches, number of touches normalized by height, and power score in the CKCUEST, distance covered by the ball in the SMBT, reach in the medial, inferolateral, and superolateral directions, total excursion and composite score of the UQYBT were compared between both groups. Results No significant differences were found for all variables (p > 0.05). Small to moderate effect sizes were found for the scores of the CKCUEST (d = 0.16-0.78), a small effect size was found for the distance in the SBMT (d = 0.12), and small to moderate effect sizes were found for the scores of the UQYBT (d = 0.02-0.43). The scapular dyskinesis group presented better performance in all tests. Conclusion The presence of scapular dyskinesis in asymptomatic individuals is not a factor related to worse scores in upper extremity physical performance tests.

Resumo Introdução Os testes de desempenho físico (PPTs) são instrumentos de triagem amplamente disponíveis, de fácil aplicação e que podem ser realizados em diferentes ambientes e contextos. A discinesia escapular pode estar relacionada a alterações na angulação glenoumeral, tensão na articulação acromioclavicular, dimensão do espaço subacromial, força/ativação muscular do ombro e posição/movimento umeral. Poucos estudos foram desenvolvidos para entender a influência de aspectos como força, estabilidade, mobilidade e discinese escapular nos escores dos PPTs de membros superiores. Objetivo Comparar o desempenho no Teste de Estabilidade de Extremidade Superior de Cadeia Cinética Fechada (CKCUEST), Teste de Arremesso de Medicine Ball Sentada (SMBT) e Teste de Equilíbrio em Y do Quarto Superior (UQYBT) entre adultos assintomáticos com e sem discinesia escapular. Métodos Estudo transversal com amostra de 20 indivíduos assintomáticos: 10 com discinesia escapular e 10 sem discinesia escapular. Comparou-se o número médio de toques, número de toques normalizados pela altura e pontuação de potência no CKCUEST, distância percorrida pela bola no SMBT, alcance nas direções medial, inferolateral e superolateral, excursão total e escore composto do UQYBT entre ambos os grupos. Resultados Não foram encontradas diferenças significativas para todas as variáveis (p > 0,05). Tamanho de efeito pequeno a moderado foi encontrado para os escores do CKCUEST (d = 0,16-0,78), tamanho de efeito pequeno foi encontrado para a distância no SBMT (d = 0,12) e tamanho de efeito pequeno a moderado foi encontrado para as pontuações do UQYBT (d = 0,02-0,43). O grupo com discinesia escapular apresentou melhor desempenho em todos os testes. Conclusão A pre-sença de discinesia escapular em indivíduos assintomáticos não é um fator relacionado a piores escores em testes de desempenho físico de membros superiores.

Análise comparativa da percepção corporal sobre o treinamento entre indivíduos onívoros e vegetarianos / Análisis comparativo de la percepción corporal sobre el entrenamiento entre individuos omnívoros y vegetarianos / Comparative analysis of body perception on training between omnivorous and vegetarian individuals

Dietas vegetarianas vêm sendo cada vez mais adotadas no mundo. Com isso, há uma preocupação com a adequação nutricional e desempenho esportivo crescente entre profissionais de saúde e treinadores. O objetivo do presente estudo foi analisar a percepção corporal sobre o treinamento físico entre indivíduos onívoros e vegetarianos e, de forma secundária, comparar a percepção entre as diferentes dietas vegetarianas no desempenho esportivo. A amostra teve um total de 189 participantes (47 do sexo masculino e 142 do sexo feminino), sendo 91 onívoros (31 do sexo masculino e 60 do sexo feminino) e 98 vegetarianos (17 do sexo masculino e 81 do sexo feminino). Foi utilizado o questionário de Percepção do Corpo na Performance Esportiva (Pecopes), constituído por duas dimensões: dimensão 1 = percepção do corpo no desempenho esportivo; dimensão 2 = percepção do corpo no treinamento técnico e tático. Os resultados mostraram uma diferença significativa na dimensão 1 favorável aos vegetarianos quando comparados aos onívoros. O subgrupo ovolactovegetariano também obteve resultado significativamente superior aos onívoros na dimensão 1. Assim, foi possível concluir que os participantes vegetarianos do presente estudo apresentaram uma melhor percepção do corpo no desempenho esportivo comparado com os onívoros, porém não foram encontradas diferenças na percepção do corpo quanto ao treinamento técnico e tático.

Las dietas vegetarianas se adoptan cada vez más en el mundo. Por lo tanto, existe una preocupación por la adecuación nutricional y el aumento del rendimiento deportivo entre los profesionales de la salud y los entrenadores. El objetivo del presente estudio fue analizar la percepción corporal del entrenamiento físico entre individuos omnívoros y vegetarianos y, en segundo lugar, comparar la percepción de diferentes dietas vegetarianas sobre el rendimiento deportivo. La muestra tuvo un total de 189 participantes (47 hombres y 142 mujeres), siendo 91 omnívoros (31 hombres y 60 mujeres) y 98 vegetarianos (17 hombres y 81 mujeres). Se utilizó el cuestionario de Percepción del Cuerpo en el Rendimiento Deportivo (Pecopes), que consta de dos dimensiones: dimensión 1 = percepción del cuerpo en el rendimiento deportivo; dimensión 2 = percepción corporal en el entrenamiento técnico y táctico. Los resultados mostraron una diferencia significativa en la dimensión 1 favorable a los vegetarianos en comparación con los omnívoros. El subgrupo ovolactovegetariano también tuvo un resultado significativamente mayor que los omnívoros en la dimensión 1. Así, fue posible concluir que los participantes vegetarianos en el presente estudio tenían una mejor percepción del cuerpo en el rendimiento deportivo en comparación con los omnívoros, pero no hubo diferencias. que se encuentran en la percepción del cuerpo con respecto al entrenamiento técnico y táctico.

Vegetarian diets are increasingly being adopted around the world. Thus, there is a concern about nutritional adequacy and growing sports performance among health professionals and coaches. This study aimed to analyze the body perception of physical training between omnivorous and vegetarian individuals and, secondarily, to compare the perception of different vegetarian diets on sports performance. The sample had a total of 189 participants (47 males and 142 females), being 91 omnivores (31 males and 60 females) and 98 vegetarians (17 males and 81 females). We used the Body Perception on Sports Performance (Pecopes) questionnaire, which consists of two dimensions: dimension 1 = perception of the body in sports performance; dimension 2 = body perception in technical and tactical training. The results showed a significant difference in dimension 1, favorable to vegetarians when compared to omnivores. The ovolactovegetarian subgroup also obtained a significantly higher result than omnivores in dimension 1. Thus, it was possible to conclude that vegetarian participants in the present study had a better body perception during sports performance compared to omnivores, but there were no differences in body perception regarding technical and tactical training.

Análisis del rendimiento físico en jugadores de hockey sobre césped sub 14 / Analysis of physical performance in u14 field hockey players / Análise do desempenho físico em jogadores de hóquei em campo sub-14

El objetivo del presente estudio fue determinar el rendimiento físico de jugadores sub 14, durante los partidos del Torneo Nacional de Asociaciones 2019, disputado en la Provincia de Córdoba, Argentina. Se monitorearon cinco encuentros (tres de fase de grupo; uno, semi final y uno, final). La muestra fue de 50 casos monitorizados por unidades GPS (PlayerTek Plus), divididos por posición: Defensores Centrales (n = 2), Defensores Laterales (n = 5), Volantes (n = 4) y Delanteros (n = 6). Las variables analizadas fueron divididas en dos, por un lado, las variables de volumen y, por otro, las de intensidad. Las primeras fueron: Distancia Total (m) 4718 ± 0,95; Distancia en Sprint (entre 16 a 19 km/h) (m) 484,67 ± 268,28; Cantidad de Sprints (>19 km/h) (rep) 17,70 ± 9,67; Aceleraciones >2 m/s2 (rep) 32,28 ± 13,39 y Desaceleraciones >-2 m/s2 (rep) 44,47 ± 17,08. En cambio, las variables de intensidad fueron: Metros por minuto (m) 101,18 ± 13,52; Distancia en Sprint por Minuto (m) 10,35 ± 5,96; Cantidad de Sprint por Minuto (rep) 0,37 ± 0,22. En conclusión, se consideró que analizar objetivamente, el rendimiento físico de los jóvenes jugadores es de vital importancia ya que podríamos establecer planes estratégicos para mejorar su performance, como también, bajar la incidencia lesiva.

The objective of this study was to determine the physical performance of U14 players, during the matches of the 2019 National Association Tournament, played in the Province of Córdoba, Argentina. 5 matches were monitored (3 group phase, 1 semi-final and 1 final). The sample consisted of 50 cases monitored by GPS units (PlayerTek Plus), divided by position: Central Defenders (n = 2), Side Defenders (n = 5), Midfielders (n = 4) and Forwards (n = 6). The analyzed variables were divided into 2: the volume variables and the intensity variables. The first ones were: Total Distance (m) 4718 ± 0.95; Sprint distance (between 16 to 19 km/h) (m) 484.67 ± 268.28; Number of Sprints (> 19 km/h) (rep) 17.70 ± 9.67; Accelerations> 2 m/s2 (rep) 32.28 ± 13.39 and Decelerations> -2 m/s2 (rep) 44.47 ± 17.08. Instead, the intensity variables were Meters per minute (m) 101.18 ± 13.52; Distance in Sprint per minute (m) 10.35 ± 5.96; and Amount of Sprint per minute (rep) 0.37 ± 0.22. In conclusion, it was considered that objectively analyzing the physical performance of young players is of vital importance, since we could establish strategic plans to improve their performance, as well as lower the incidence of injury.

O objetivo deste estudo foi determinar o desempenho físico de jogadores menores de 14 anos, durante as partidas do Torneio de Associações Nacionais 2019, disputadas na Província de Córdoba, Argentina. Foram monitorizados 5 jogos (3 fases de grupos, 1 semifinal e 1 final). A amostra foi composta por 50 casos monitorados por GPS (PlayerTek Plus), divididos por posição: Defensores Centrais (n=2), Defensores Laterais (n=5), Meio-campistas (n=4) e Atacantes (n=6). As variáveis analisadas foram divididas em 2, de um lado as variáveis de volume e, de outro, as variáveis de intensidade. As primeiras foram: Distância Total (m) 4718 ± 0,95; Distância em Sprint (entre 16 a 19 km/h) (m) 484,67 ± 268,28; Número de Sprints (>19 km/h) (rep) 17,70 ± 9,67; Aceleração >2 m/s2 (rep) 32,28 ± 13,39 e desacelerações >-2 m/s2 (rep) 44,47 ± 17,08. Em vez disso, as variáveis de intensidade foram: Metros por minuto (m) 101,18 ± 13,52; Distância em Sprint por Minuto (m) 10,35 ± 5,96; Quantidade de Sprint por Minuto (rep) 0,37 ± 0,22. Em conclusão, considerou-se que analisar objetivamente o desempenho físico de jovens jogadores é de vital importância, pois podemos estabelecer planos estratégicos para melhorar seu desempenho, bem como diminuir a incidência de lesões.

Prevalence of sarcopenia in women at stable weight phase after Roux-en-Y gastric bypass

ABSTRACT Objective: Evaluating the prevalence of sarcopenia in women submitted to bariatric surgery - Roux-en-Y gastric bypass. Design: Observational, cross-sectional study. Subjects and methods: Women (18-65 years old) who underwent bariatric surgery (BG) ≥ 2 years and reached stable weight ≥ 6 months, were investigated. Control group (CG) comprised non-operated matched women with obesity. Body composition was determined through dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry. Low lean mass (LLM) was defined as appendicular lean mass index (ALM kg/height m2) < 5.5 kg/m2. Physical strength was assessed through dynamometer and sit-to-stand test (SST), whereas performance was assessed through 4-m gait speed and Short Physical Performance Battery Tests (SPPB). Sarcopenia was diagnosed in the presence of LLM and low strength. Results: One-hundred and twenty women (60 in each group, 50 ± 9.7 years old) were investigated. All anthropometric and body composition parameters were lower in BG than in CG, whereas strength and performance were similar between groups. Women with reduced strength presented high total fat mass and low physical activity level (p < 0.005). LLM was observed in 35% of BG and in 18.3% of CG (p = 0.04), whereas sarcopenia was diagnosed in 28.3% of BG and in 16.6% of CG (p = 0.12). Sarcopenic women in BG had better performance both in SST (p = 0.001) and SPPB (p = 0.004). Total lean mass (OR:1.41, 95% CI [1.18; 1.69], p < 0.001) and obesity (OR: 38.2 [2.27; 644.12], p < 0.001) were associated with sarcopenia in the multivariate analysis. Conclusion: Despite great weight loss, sarcopenia prevalence did not increase in BG and its presence was influenced by total lean mass and obesity.

FGF23 levels as a marker of physical performance and falls in community-dwelling very old individuals

ABSTRACT Objective: The fibroblast growth factor 23 (FGF23) has been related to biological aging, but data in elderly individuals are scant. We determined the profile of serum FGF23 levels in a population of very-old individuals and studied their correlations with parameters of bone metabolism and health markers, as functional performance. Materials and methods: This cross-sectional study was performed on 182 community dwellers aged ≥ 80 years. Serum levels of FGF23, PTH, calcium, albumin, phosphorus, creatinine, bone markers, and bone mineral density data were analyzed. Physical performance was evaluated with the stationary march (Step), Flamingo, and functional reach tests, along with questionnaires to assess falls and fractures in the previous year, energy expenditure (MET), and the Charlson index (CI). Physical activity was evaluated with the International Physical Activity Questionnaire (IPAQ). Results: Most participants (75%) had FGF23 levels between 30-120 RU/mL (range: 6.0-3,170.0 RU/mL). FGF23 levels correlated with estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR; r = -0.335; p = 0.001) and PTH (r = 0.318; p < 0.0001). Individuals with FGF23 in the highest tertile had more falls in the previous year (p = 0.032), worse performance in the Flamingo (p = 0.009) and Step (p < 0.001) tests, worse CI (p = 0.009) and a trend toward sedentary lifestyle (p = 0.056). On multiple regression, FGF23 tertiles remained significant, independently of eGFR, for falls in the previous year, performance in the Flamingo and stationary march tests, lean mass index, and IPAQ classification. Conclusion: In a population of very elderly individuals, FGF23 levels were inversely associated with neuromuscular and functional performances. Higher concentrations were related to more falls, lower muscle strength and aerobic capacity, and poorer balance, regardless of renal function, suggesting a potentially deleterious role of high FGF23 concentrations in musculoskeletal health.

Utility of Amrut Pushti Vardhakpowder in enhancing physical fitness

Background:Physical performance depends on physical fitness. Fit persons can accomplish the tasks. Fitness is modifiable and hence the fitness level can be increased. In this background a need was felt to validate the efficacy of the Amrut Pushti Vardhak(APV)powder, a product developed by DFRL Mysore, for its physical performance enhancing activity by fitness tests. The result of pre-clinical study of the product was encouraging; hence clinical trial was taken up.Methods:All norms of good clinical practiceand ethics were abided. The subjects were assigned in two homogenous groups, as control and trial groups. The trial group was given APVpowder 30gms/day for 21 days in the morning. The other group served as negative control. To evaluate the efficacy modified Harward step test was conducted before and after the intervention.Results:The test group showed statistically significant increase in the duration of exercise with pvalue 0.027 and increase in physical fitness index(PFI)with p value 0.01. The test group also showed statistically significant increase in the maximal oxygen consumption (VO2max) (p=0.004). The increase in physical fitness level can be attributed to ingredients of APVpowder.Conclusions:Healthy volunteers who received APVpowder 30 gms/day for the duration of 21 days reported statistically significant increase in their duration of exercise, PFIand VO2max. This indicates the APVpowder increases in the physical fitness level.

Influência da Composição Corporal na Capacidade Funcional em Idosas com Incidência de Quedas / Influence of Body Composition on Functional Capacity of Elderly Women with Incidence of Falls

A capacidade funcional é importante preditor da qualidade de vida e pode ser afetada pelas mudanças na composição corporal em idosos, resultantes do próprio processo de envelhecimento, com perda de massa óssea, massa muscular e alteração no nível de gordura corporal. É importante analisar a influência dessas alterações na diminuição da força e, consequentemente, a relação com a incidência de quedas, importante fator da capacidade funcional. Objetivou-se verificar a relação entre composição corporal e a capacidade funcional em idosas comunitárias acima de 65 anos com ou sem incidência de quedas. Estudo transversal e analítico, amostra composta por 77 idosas divididas em dois grupos, de acordo com o histórico de quedas em caidoras (n = 23, média de idade 73,6 ± 5,15 anos) e não caidoras (n = 54, média de idade 71,24 ± 4,92 anos). Foram coletados os dados idade, peso, estatura, capacidade funcional por meio do Teste de Sentar e Levantar (TSL) e para composição corporal consideraram-se as medidas antropométricas, dobras cutâneas e diâmetros ósseos, e posteriormente, o estudo comparativo entre os grupos caidoras e não caidoras em relação à composição corporal com a capacidade funcional foi realizado pelos testes T-Student e o Mann-Whitney. A correlação entre as variáveis composição corporal e capacidade funcional e IMC foi verificada pelos testes de Pearson e Spearman, adotando o valor de (p ≤ 0,05) como significância. Identificou-se diferença significativa entre os valores de capacidade funcional e peso ósseo no grupo de idosas com incidência de quedas quando comparado ao grupo não caidor (p = 0,002). Observou-se relação fraca positiva entre a capacidade funcional e peso de massa magra (r = 0,232, p = 0,021), e capacidade funcional e peso ósseo (r = 0,343, p = 0,001) nas idosas desse estudo. Nas idosas, com idade acima de 65 anos e com incidência de quedas, o peso ósseo apresentou influência na capacidade funcional. As variáveis da composição corporal, peso, massa magra e peso ósseo apresentam relação com a capacidade funcional em idosas comunitárias com idade acima de 65 anos.

Functional capacity is an important predictor of quality of life and can be affected by changes in body composition in the elderly, resulting from the aging process itself, with loss of bone mass, muscle mass, and changes in the level of body fat. It is important to analyze the influence of these changes on the decrease of strength and, consequently, its relationship with the incidence of falls, an important factor of functional capacity. The objective of this study was to verify the relationship between body composition and functional capacity in community-dwelling elderly women over 65 years old with or without incidence of falls. This is a cross-sectional and analytical study, sample composed of 77 elderly women divided into two groups, according to the history of falls among fallers (n = 23, mean age 73.6 ± 5.15 years) and non-fallers (n = 54, mean age 71.24 ± 4.92 years). Data were collected age, weight, height, functional capacity through the Sit and Stand Test (SST), as well as body composition, anthropometric measurements, skinfolds, and bone diameters were considered. Later, the comparative study between the faller and non-faller groups in relation to body composition with functional capacity was performed by the T-Student and Mann-Whitney tests. The correlation between the variables body composition and functional capacity and BMI was verified by the Pearson and Spearman tests, adopting the value of (p ≤ 0.05) as significance. A significant difference was identified between the values of functional capacity and bone weight in the group of elderly women with an incidence of falls when compared to the non-faller group (p = 0.002). A weak positive relationship was observed between functional capacity and lean mass weight (r = 0.232, p = 0.021), and functional capacity and bone weight (r = 0.343, p = 0.001) in the elderly women in this study. Among the elderly, aged over 65 years old and with an incidence of falls, bone weight had an influence on functional capacity. The variables of body composition, weight, lean mass, and bone weight are related to functional capacity in community-dwelling elderly women aged over 65 years.

Gender-Specific Age-Related Changes in Physical Performance, Physical Activity And Anthropometry Status Among Community-Dwelling Older Persons With And Without Mild Cognitive Impairment: A Prospective Study (Perubahan Berkaitan Dengan Usia Berdasarkan Jantina yang Berhubung Dengan Antropometri, Prestasi Fungsi Fizikal dan Aktiviti Fizikal dalam Kalangan Warga Emas di Komuniti dengan dan tanpa Kecelaan Kognitif Ringan) / Jurnal Sains Kesihatan Malaysia

@#In this study, we aimed to determine gender specific age-related decline in anthropometry status, physical performance (PP) and physical activity (PA) in older persons with and without mild cognitive impairment (MCI) prospectively over 3 years. Within-group changes across three time points (baseline-Wave 1, 18 months-Wave 2, 36 months-Wave 3) based on gender and cognitive status were determined. Data was collected at Wave 3 of a longitudinal study: “Neuroprotective Model for Health Longevity among Elderly”. Secondary data from Wave 1 and 2 was obtained for analysis. Older persons with MCI were categorised to have subjective memory problems (answered ‘yes’ on item 10 of Geriatric Depression Scale), scored at least 1.5 SD below mean average on Rey Auditory Verbal Learning Test and Digit Span, no dementia, no problems with activities in daily living, intact global cognition (>19/30: Mini Mental State Examination) and without depression (Geriatric Depression Scale 15-items,≤4). Anthropometry measurements and a battery of PP tests were performed. PA was measured using Physical Activity Scale for the Elderly questionnaire. Data from 779 older persons (67.7 ± 5.3 years) consisting of 372 men (68.0 ± 5.2 years) and 407 women (67.4 ± 5.4) who completed all tests from Wave 1 to Wave 3 were analysed. There was a decline in PP (-0.7% to -14.1% per year), PA levels (-0.7% to -14.1% per year) and anthropometry status (-0.1% to -6.3% per year), except for percentage body fat (+9.9% per year) with advancing age. Within-group changes over the three years showed significant differences (p<0.05) in height and PA in non-MCI and MCI men and lower body flexibility in non-MCI and MCI women. Specifically, tailored physical and nutritional health prevention and promotion strategies for older persons based on gender and cognitive status may be beneficial to support person-centered care.

The associations of muscle size and density with handgrip strength and timed up and go test / 中华老年医学杂志

Objective:The aim of this study was to explore the associations of muscle size and density with handgrip strength(HGS)and the Timed Up and Go(TUG)test.Methods:Totally 301 participants living in the Xinjiekou community near Beijing Jishuitan Hospital were recruited for CT imaging of the hip and a 1-cm slice of the mid-thigh.The cross-sectional area and density of the gluteus maximus and the mid-thigh muscles were estimated by the Osirix viewer based on CT images.HGS and TUG were also performed in these subjects.Logistic regression analysis was used to evaluate the correlations of muscle density and size with TUG and grip strength.Results:In women, after adjustment for age and BMI, the density of the gluteus maximus was negatively correlated with TUG( P trend=0.0366), while the size of the gluteus maximus and the mid-thigh muscles was not correlated with TUG.In men, the density or size of these muscles was not correlated with TUG.After adjustment for age and BMI, the density of the gluteus maximus was positively correlated with grip strength( P trend=0.0334)and the size of the mid-thigh muscles was also positively correlated with grip strength( P trend=0.0155)in men, but they were not correlated with grip strength in women. Conclusions:There were sex differences in the relationship between muscle size or density and grip strength or timed up and go.The density of the gluteus maximus is associated with muscle strength and physical performance while the size of the mid-thigh muscles is correlated with muscle strength.

Effects of sarcopenia on physical performance and nutritional status in elderly patients with gastrointestinal tumors / 中华临床营养杂志

Objective:To investigate the effect of sarcopenia on physical performance and nutritional status in elderly patients with gastrointestinal tumors.Methods:a total of 120 eligible in-patients were enrolled from gastrointestinal surgery department of a Grade A tertiary hospital in Ningbo city from September 2021 to January 2022. General clinical data were collected, nutritional risk was screened using Nutritional Risk Screening 2002 (NRS 2002), physical performance was assessed by Short Physical Performance Battery (SPPB), skeletal muscle index at the third lumbar vertebra level (L3 SMI) was calculated using abdominal CT scan, and grip strength/muscle strength, gait speed by 6 Meter Timed Walk Test and calf circumference were measured. Subjects were divided into sarcopenia and non-sarcopenia group according to the diagnostic criteria of the Asian Working Group for Sarcopenia (AWGS). Impacting factors of sarcopenia and the correlation between muscle mass and physical performance in elderly patients with gastrointestinal tumors were analyzed.Results:The overall prevalence rate of sarcopenia in elderly patients with gastrointestinal tumors was 28.3% (34/120) and it was 28.9% (22/76) and 27.3% (12/44) in males and females respectively. There were statistically significant differences in age, tumor stage, nutritional risk, body mass index, calf circumference, L3 SMI, grip strength/muscle strength, gait speed and SPPB score between patients with and without sarcopenia (P<0.05). Muscle strength/grip strength, L3 SMI and gait speed were closely correlated with the occurrence of sarcopenia in elderly patients with gastrointestinal tumors (P<0.05). The L3 SMI was positively correlated with physical performance as assessed with SPPB in both groups.Conclusions:Sarcopenia is a common complication in elderly patients with gastrointestinal tumors with multiple influencing factors. Timely nutritional intervention and exercise intervention should be incorporated into the treatment of elderly gastrointestinal tumor patients with sarcopenia in order to improve nutrition status.